1937 Palestine JAFFA ORANGE Jewish 13 REAL PHOTOS Israel CITRUS GROWING Hebrew

Description

DESCRIPTION
:
Here for sale is an original and very rare THRILLING LOT of 13 REAL CANDID PHOTOS from 1937
( Dated ) , Depicting ORANGE PICKING in various locations in ERETZ ISRAEL - PALESTINE by groups of CHALUTZIM , Men and women . The PHOTOS were taken in 1937 in an ORANGE GROVE in REHOVOT.  Original REAL CANDID PHOTOS.  Silver Gelatine. 13 PHOTOS. 3.5 x 2.5" . Date and location are written with pen on their back.
Very good condition
. ( Please look at scan for actual AS IS images ) W
ill be sent  in a special protective rigid sealed package.
PAYMENTS
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Payment method accepted :
Paypal & All credit cards
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SHIPPMENT
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SHIPP worldwide via registered airmail is $ 25 . Will be sent inside a protective packaging .
Handling around 5-10 days after payment.
The Jaffa orange, also Shamouti orange, is a sweet, almost seedless orange variety. Originally developed in Palestine in the mid-19th century, it takes its name from the city of Jaffa where it was first produced for export.[1][2] It became a primary citrus export of the State of Israel following its establishment in 1948. One of three main varieties of oranges grown in the Middle East, the Jaffa orange is also cultivated in Cyprus, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Turkey.[2][3] At one time the cooperation in growing and exporting these oranges was seen as a symbol of positive Arab-Jewish relations Characteristics Jaffa oranges, also known as shamouti, are practically seedless, with a flavour that has been described as "excellent" and "sweet and fine."[2][5][6] The two other main orange varieties cultivated in the region are the navel orange and the bitter orange; the latter is grown in Iran for its peel.[2] The Jaffa orange is distinguished by its oval shape and thick peel, which is deep orange in color and normally very easy to remove from the fruit. Its tough skin makes it "especially suitable for export".[5][6] As it produces very little juice and has a tendency towards delayed bitterness, it is unsuitable for juice production, though it does store well.[6] These oranges are very cold-tolerant, allowing them to grow outside of the subtropical regions normally associated with growing oranges. Jaffa oranges are susceptible to Alternaria, a type of fungus, and are prone to alternate bearing.[citation needed] History Located at the crossroads between Africa, western Asia, and Europe, Palestine produced a number of commodities for export via imperial and global distribution networks throughout the late Islamic period (1200-1900 CE). Among these were soap, sugar, barley, oranges, and cotton.[7] The Jaffa orange was a new variety developed by Arab farmers after emerging in mid-19th century Palestine as a mutation on a tree of the Baladi variety near Jaffa.[1][2] While the sour orange (C. Aurantium) was brought westward from China and India by Arab traders, who probably introduced it to Sicily and Spain, the Jaffa orange was developed from the sweet orange (C. sinensis) which was brought from China to the Mediterranean region by Vasco de Gama, the Portuguese explorer, in 1498.[2] Citrus exports to Europe are first mentioned in British consular reports in the 1850s.[5][1] One factor cited in the growth of the export market was the development of steam ships in the first half of the 19th century. Thus export of oranges to the European markets could be accomplished in days rather than weeks.[8] Cotton, once the primary commodity crop of Palestine, was soon outpaced by the Jaffa orange.[9] Exports grew from 200,000 oranges in 1845 to 38 million oranges by 1870.[8] The citrus plantations of this time were primarily owned by wealthy Arab merchants and notables as the fruits required large capital investments with no yield for several years.[5][10] An 1872 account of Jaffa by a European traveller notes that, "Surrounding Jaffa are the orange gardens for which it is justly extolled, and which are a considerable source of wealth to the owners. The annual value of fruits grown in Jaffa was said to be 10,000 pounds."[10] The prosperity of the orange industry attracted European investors. In 1902, Zionist officials compiled a list of Arab landowners and identified the primary export markets as England, Turkey, Egypt and Austria-Hungary. While Arab cultivation methods were considered "primitive," an in-depth study of the financial expenditure involved reveals that they were ultimately more cost-efficient than the Zionist-European enterprises that followed them some two decades later.[10] The first fruits to carry the "Jaffa orange" label were marketed by the farmers of Sarona, a German Templer colony established in 1871.[citation needed] In the 1880s, an American grower, H.S. Sanford, tried to cultivate the Jaffa orange in Florida.[11] According to the Hope Simpson Royal Commission Report of 1930 "The cultivation of the orange, introduced by the Arabs before the commencement of Jewish settlement, has developed to a very great extent in consequence of that settlement. There is no doubt that the pitch of perfection to which the technique of plantation and cultivation of the orange and grape-fruit have been brought in Palestine is due to the scientific methods of the Jewish agriculturist."[12] By 1939, the Jewish and Arab orange orchards in Palestine totaled 75,000 acres (300 km2), employing over 100,000 workers, and their produce was a primary export. During World War II (1939–1945) citrus-growing declined, but recovered after the war with the vigorous assistance of the British Mandate authorities. Today Jaffa oranges are harvested in Israel between November and March, with the marketing season beginning in September and extending through until April. More than half the annual crop is exported, and Israel is a main provider of other citrus fruits to the European Union.[3] In the 1950s and 1960s, Jaffa oranges became emblems of the Israeli state. A general decline in the importance of agriculture to the Israeli economy, extreme limits on available water resources, and the reliance on migrant laborers has reduced productivity.[13] Overshadowed by manufacturing industries, such as diamonds and precision instruments, Israel nonetheless continues to export a large number of citrus fruits to Europe. ***** Citrus Fruit Citrus accounts for 7.1% of Israel's total agricultural produce. In recent years, Israel has introduced new agrotechnologies into its citrus farming to facilitate improved operations, which includes the planting of new citrus groves in arid and semi-arid regions. Varieties of Citrus A wide variety of oranges, grapefruits and lemons, as well as a variety of more exotic citrus fruit are being marketed by Israel. Israel's major citrus product by volume is the traditional Shamouti orange. Other varieties of oranges exported include the Valencia Late and Navel. The White Grapefruit, originally grown in inland valleys, is increasingly being replaced by the Sunrise variety, whose peel and meat have a red tint. The Sweetie is an additional variety of grapefruit that is gaining in popularity. It is the result of a cross between the grapefruit and the pomelo. Its peel stays green, and this differentiates it from other grapefruits. Israel also produces a variety of pink grapefruits. Also produced by Israel are exotic varieties of citrus such as the lime, kumquat (Chinese orange), limquat (small juicy lemon) and the red or white pomelo. A new brand has recently been developed - Environment Friendly Fruit. These fruit are environment friendly because they are grown with minimal use of chemicals to avoid interfering with the ecosystem or harming the environment. Developing New Varieties Efforts are presently being directed to the development of new citrus varieties that have a smaller seed content, a longer shelf-life, a pleasant appearance, and a long marketing season. Some of the outstanding new varieties that have been developed are Winola, Ora, Mor, Nectar, Or and Rishon. The main varieties introduced from overseas include the Pomelit, Navel-Newhall, Pink Grapefruit, Ray-Ruby, and Pink Grapefruit Rio-Red.***** Rehovot (Hebrew: רְחוֹבוֹת Rəḥōvōt, Arabic: رحوڤوت Reḥūfūt) is a city in the Central District of Israel, about 20 kilometers (12 miles) south of Tel Aviv. In 2019 it had a population of 143,904.[1] Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Ottoman era 2.2 British Mandate 2.3 State of Israel 3 Demographics 4 Education and culture 5 Economy 6 Sports 7 Transportation 7.1 Public transportation 7.2 Roads 7.3 Airport 8 Twin towns – sister cities 9 Gallery 10 Notable people 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Etymology Israel Belkind, founder of the Bilu movement, proposed the name "Rehovot" (lit. 'wide expanses') based on Genesis 26:22: "And he called the name of it Rehoboth; and he said: 'For now the Lord hath made room for us, and we shall be fruitful in the land'."[3] This Bible verse is also inscribed in the city's logo. The biblical town of Rehoboth was located in the Negev Desert.[4] History Yaakov Street, Rehovot, in 1893 Ottoman era Rehovot was established in 1890 by pioneers of the First Aliyah on the coastal plain near a site called Khirbat Deiran, which now lies in the center of the built-up area of the city.[5][6] Excavations at Khirbat Deiran have revealed signs of habitation during the Hellenic, Roman and Byzantine periods, with a major expansion to about 60 dunams during the early centuries of Islamic rule.[5] Evidence of Jewish and possibly Samaritan occupants during the Roman and Byzantine periods has been found.[7] In 1939, Khirbet Deiran was identified by Klein as Kerem Doron ("vineyard of Doron"), a place mentioned in Talmud Yerushalmi (Peah 7:4), but Fischer believes that there is "no special reason" for this identification,[5] while Kalmin is unsure whether Doron was a place or a person.[8] Rehovot was founded as a moshava in 1890 by Polish Jewish immigrants who had come with the First Aliyah, seeking to establish a township which would not be under the influence of the Baron Edmond James de Rothschild, on land which was purchased from a Christian Arab by the Menuha Venahala society, an organization in Warsaw that raised funds for Jewish settlement in Eretz Israel.[3][9] In March 1892, a dispute over pasture rights erupted between the residents of Rehovot and the neighboring village of Zarnuqa, which took two years to resolve. Another dispute broke out with the Suteriya Bedouin tribe, which had been cultivating some of the land as tenant farmers. According to Moshe Smilansky, one of the early settlers of Rehovot, the Bedouins had received compensation for the land, but refused to vacate it. In 1893, they attacked the moshava. Through the intervention of a respected Arab sheikh, a compromise was reached, with the Bedouins receiving an additional sum of money, which they used to dig a well.[10] In 1890, the region was an uncultivated wasteland with no trees, houses or water.[11] The moshava's houses were initially built along two parallel streets: Yaakov Street and Benjamin Street, before later expanding, and vineyards, almond orchards and citrus groves were planted, but the inhabitants grappled with agricultural failures, plant diseases, and marketing problems.[citation needed] Menucha & Nahala, the Warsaw committee that founded the city, Eliezer Kaplan on left The first citrus grove was planted by Zalman Minkov in 1904. Minkov's grove, surrounded by a wall, included a guard house, stables, a packing plant, and an irrigation system in which groundwater was pumped from a large well in the inner courtyard. The well was 23 meters deep, the height of an eight-story building, and over six meters in diameter. The water was channeled via an aqueduct to an irrigation pool, and from there to a network of ditches dug around the bases of the trees.[12] The Great Synagogue of Rehovot was established in 1903, during the First Aliyah period.[13] In 1908, the Workman's Union (Hapoel Hazair) organized a group of 300 Yemenite immigrants then living in the region of Jerusalem and Jaffa, bringing them to work as farmers in the colonies of Rishon-le-Zion and Rehovot.[14] Only a few dozen Yemenite families had joined Rehovot by 1908.[15] They built houses for themselves in a plot given to them at the south end of the town, which became known as Sha'araim.[15] In 1910, Shmuel Warshawsky, with the secret support of the JNF, was sent to Yemen to recruit more agricultural laborers.[15] Hundreds arrived starting in 1911 and were housed first in a compound one kilometre south of Rehovot and then in a large extension of the Sha'araim quarter.[15] In 1913, Rehovot became the flashpoint for a dramatic turn in relations between the region's ethnicities: after an itinerant Arab camel driver who was passing through stole some grapes from a local farm, local Jewish settlers who arrived on the scene brutally attacked him, which led to the arrival of Arab reinforcements, then, it led to a skirmish that proved fatal - one death on each side of the gunfire. It is alleged that this was the moment when a previously peaceful co-existence among Jews and Arabs, united under the Ottoman Empire, instantly became an "us vs. them" divisiveness that has prevailed ever since.[16] Main street of Rehovot in 1933 In February 1914, Rothschild visited Rehovot during the fourth of his five visits to the Land of Israel.[17] That year, Rehovot had a population of around 955. British Mandate View of Rehovot in 1934 In 1920, the Rehovot Railway Station was opened, which greatly boosted the local citrus fruit industry. A few packing houses were built near the station so as to enable the fruit to be sent by railway to the rest of the country and to the port of Jaffa for export to Europe. According to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Rehovot had a population of 1,242 inhabitants, consisting of 1,241 Jews and 1 Muslim,[18] increasing in 1931 census to 3,193 inhabitants, in 833 houses.[19] In 1924, the British Army contracted the Palestine Electric Company for wired electric power. The contract allowed the Electric Company to extend the grid beyond the original geographical limits that had been projected by the concession it was given. The high-tension line that exceeded the limits of the original concession ran along some major towns and agricultural settlements, offering extended connections to the Jewish towns of Rishon Le-Zion, Ness Ziona and Rehovot (in spite of their proximity to the high-tension line, the Arab towns of Ramleh and Lydda remained unconnected).[20] In 1931, the first workers moshav, Kfar Marmorek, was built on lands which were acquired from the village of Zarnuqa by the Jewish National Fund in 1926, and ten Yemenite Jewish families which were evicted from Kinneret were resettled on the land in 1931, and later, they were joined by thirty-five other families from Sha'araim. Today, it is a suburb of Rehovot.[21] The agricultural research station that opened in Rehovot in 1932 became the Department of Agriculture of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 1933, a juice factory was built. In 1934, Chaim Weizmann established the Sieff Institute, which later became the Weizmann Institute of Science. In 1937, Weizmann built his home on the land purchased adjacent to the Sieff Institute. The house later served as the presidential residence after Weizmann became president in 1948. Weizmann and his wife are buried on the grounds of the institute. In 1945, Rehovot had a population of 10,020, and in 1948, it had grown to 12,500. The suburb of Rehovot, Kefar Marmorek, had a population of 500 Jews in 1948.[22] State of Israel On 29 February 1948, the Lehi blew up the Cairo to Haifa train shortly after it left Rehovot, killing 29 British soldiers and injuring 35. Lehi said the bombing was in retaliation for the Ben Yehuda Street bombing a week earlier. The Scotsman reported that both Weizmann's home and the Agricultural Institute were damaged in the explosion, although the site was 1–2 miles [1.6–3.2 km] away. On 28 March 1948, Arabs attacked a Jewish convoy near Rehovot.[23] In 1950, Rehovot, which had a population of about 18,000, was declared a city. In the immediate years following the establishment of Israel, the Zarnuqa ma'abara (now named Kiryat Moshe) was established on the Southern side of Rehovot to house Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe and Arab lands.[24] On the Southwest, the neighborhood of Kfar Gevirol (now named Ibn Gevirol, named after Solomon ibn Gabirol, 11th Century Sephardi Jewish Philosopher) was founded on lands of the depopulated Palestinian village of Al-Qubayba.[25] Over the years, Kiryat Moshe expanded over the lands of the depopulated Palestinian village of Zarnuqa. The mosque of the village, while abandoned, still stands.[26] On the Southeast the neighborhood of Ramat Aharon were established. The city has since then expanded in all directions, geographically surrounding but not including the Kibbutz of Kvutzat Shiller and the Moshav of Gibton.   ebay 5886